背景
Read the fucking source code!--By 鲁迅A picture is worth a thousand words.--By 高尔基
说明：
- Kernel版本：4.14
- ARM64处理器，Contex-A53，双核
- 使用工具：Source Insight 3.5， Visio
1. 概述
这篇文章，让我们来看看用户态进程的地址空间情况，主要会包括以下：
vma;malloc;mmap;
进程地址空间中，我们常见的代码段，数据段，bss段等，实际上都是一段地址空间区域。Linux将地址空间中的区域称为Virtual Memory Area， 简称VMA，使用struct vm_area_struct来描述。
在进行内存申请和映射时，都会去地址空间中申请一段虚拟地址区域，而这部分操作也与vma关系密切，因此本文将vma/malloc/mmap三个放到一块来进行分析。
开启探索之旅吧。
2. 数据结构
主要涉及两个结构体：struct mm_struct和struct vm_area_struct。
struct mm_struct
用于描述与进程地址空间有关的全部信息，这个结构也包含在进程描述符中，关键字段的描述见注释。
struct mm_struct {
struct vm_area_struct *mmap; /* list of VMAs */ //指向VMA对象的链表头
struct rb_root mm_rb; //指向VMA对象的红黑树的根
u64 vmacache_seqnum; /* per-thread vmacache */
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area) (struct file *filp,
unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long flags); // 在进程地址空间中搜索有效线性地址区间的方法
#endif
unsigned long mmap_base; /* base of mmap area */
unsigned long mmap_legacy_base; /* base of mmap area in bottom-up allocations */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_COMPAT_MMAP_BASES
/* Base adresses for compatible mmap() */
unsigned long mmap_compat_base;
unsigned long mmap_compat_legacy_base;
#endif
unsigned long task_size; /* size of task vm space */
unsigned long highest_vm_end; /* highest vma end address */
pgd_t * pgd; //指向页全局目录
/**
* @mm_users: The number of users including userspace.
*
* Use mmget()/mmget_not_zero()/mmput() to modify. When this drops
* to 0 (i.e. when the task exits and there are no other temporary
* reference holders), we also release a reference on @mm_count
* (which may then free the &struct mm_struct if @mm_count also
* drops to 0).
*/
atomic_t mm_users; //使用计数器
/**
* @mm_count: The number of references to &struct mm_struct
* (@mm_users count as 1).
*
* Use mmgrab()/mmdrop() to modify. When this drops to 0, the
* &struct mm_struct is freed.
*/
atomic_t mm_count; //使用计数器
atomic_long_t nr_ptes; /* PTE page table pages */ //进程页表数
#if CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 2
atomic_long_t nr_pmds; /* PMD page table pages */
#endif
int map_count; /* number of VMAs */ //VMA的个数
spinlock_t page_table_lock; /* Protects page tables and some counters */
struct rw_semaphore mmap_sem;
struct list_head mmlist; /* List of maybe swapped mm's. These are globally strung
* together off init_mm.mmlist, and are protected
* by mmlist_lock
*/
unsigned long hiwater_rss; /* High-watermark of RSS usage */
unsigned long hiwater_vm; /* High-water virtual memory usage */
unsigned long total_vm; /* Total pages mapped */ //进程地址空间的页数
unsigned long locked_vm; /* Pages that have PG_mlocked set */ //锁住的页数，不能换出
unsigned long pinned_vm; /* Refcount permanently increased */
unsigned long data_vm; /* VM_WRITE & ~VM_SHARED & ~VM_STACK */ //数据段内存的页数
unsigned long exec_vm; /* VM_EXEC & ~VM_WRITE & ~VM_STACK */ //可执行内存映射的页数
unsigned long stack_vm; /* VM_STACK */ //用户态堆栈的页数
unsigned long def_flags;
unsigned long start_code, end_code, start_data, end_data; //代码段，数据段等的地址
unsigned long start_brk, brk, start_stack; //堆栈段的地址，start_stack表示用户态堆栈的起始地址，brk为堆的当前最后地址
unsigned long arg_start, arg_end, env_start, env_end; //命令行参数的地址，环境变量的地址
unsigned long saved_auxv[AT_VECTOR_SIZE]; /* for /proc/PID/auxv */
/*
* Special counters, in some configurations protected by the
* page_table_lock, in other configurations by being atomic.
*/
struct mm_rss_stat rss_stat;
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
cpumask_var_t cpu_vm_mask_var;
/* Architecture-specific MM context */
mm_context_t context;
unsigned long flags; /* Must use atomic bitops to access the bits */
struct core_state *core_state; /* coredumping support */
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMBARRIER
atomic_t membarrier_state;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AIO
spinlock_t ioctx_lock;
struct kioctx_table __rcu *ioctx_table;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
/*
* "owner" points to a task that is regarded as the canonical
* user/owner of this mm. All of the following must be true in
* order for it to be changed:
*
* current == mm->owner
* current->mm != mm
* new_owner->mm == mm
* new_owner->alloc_lock is held
*/
struct task_struct __rcu *owner;
#endif
struct user_namespace *user_ns;
/* store ref to file /proc/<pid>/exe symlink points to */
struct file __rcu *exe_file;
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU_NOTIFIER
struct mmu_notifier_mm *mmu_notifier_mm;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE) && !USE_SPLIT_PMD_PTLOCKS
pgtable_t pmd_huge_pte; /* protected by page_table_lock */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK
struct cpumask cpumask_allocation;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
/*
* numa_next_scan is the next time that the PTEs will be marked
* pte_numa. NUMA hinting faults will gather statistics and migrate
* pages to new nodes if necessary.
*/
unsigned long numa_next_scan;
/* Restart point for scanning and setting pte_numa */
unsigned long numa_scan_offset;
/* numa_scan_seq prevents two threads setting pte_numa */
int numa_scan_seq;
#endif
/*
* An operation with batched TLB flushing is going on. Anything that
* can move process memory needs to flush the TLB when moving a
* PROT_NONE or PROT_NUMA mapped page.
*/
atomic_t tlb_flush_pending;
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_BATCHED_UNMAP_TLB_FLUSH
/* See flush_tlb_batched_pending() */
bool tlb_flush_batched;
#endif
struct uprobes_state uprobes_state;
#ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
atomic_long_t hugetlb_usage;
#endif
struct work_struct async_put_work;
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HMM)
/* HMM needs to track a few things per mm */
struct hmm *hmm;
#endif
} __randomize_layout;
struct vm_area_struct
用于描述进程地址空间中的一段虚拟区域，每一个VMA都对应一个struct vm_area_struct。
/*
* This struct defines a memory VMM memory area. There is one of these
* per VM-area/task. A VM area is any part of the process virtual memory
* space that has a special rule for the page-fault handlers (ie a shared
* library, the executable area etc).
*/
struct vm_area_struct {
/* The first cache line has the info for VMA tree walking. */
unsigned long vm_start; /* Our start address within vm_mm. */ //起始地址
unsigned long vm_end; /* The first byte after our end address
within vm_mm. */ //结束地址，区间中不包含结束地址
/* linked list of VM areas per task, sorted by address */ //按起始地址排序的链表
struct vm_area_struct *vm_next, *vm_prev;
struct rb_node vm_rb; //红黑树节点
/*
* Largest free memory gap in bytes to the left of this VMA.
* Either between this VMA and vma->vm_prev, or between one of the
* VMAs below us in the VMA rbtree and its ->vm_prev. This helps
* get_unmapped_area find a free area of the right size.
*/
unsigned long rb_subtree_gap;
/* Second cache line starts here. */
struct mm_struct *vm_mm; /* The address space we belong to. */
pgprot_t vm_page_prot; /* Access permissions of this VMA. */
unsigned long vm_flags; /* Flags, see mm.h. */
/*
* For areas with an address space and backing store,
* linkage into the address_space->i_mmap interval tree.
*/
struct {
struct rb_node rb;
unsigned long rb_subtree_last;
} shared;
/*
* A file's MAP_PRIVATE vma can be in both i_mmap tree and anon_vma
* list, after a COW of one of the file pages. A MAP_SHARED vma
* can only be in the i_mmap tree. An anonymous MAP_PRIVATE, stack
* or brk vma (with NULL file) can only be in an anon_vma list.
*/
struct list_head anon_vma_chain; /* Serialized by mmap_sem &
* page_table_lock */
struct anon_vma *anon_vma; /* Serialized by page_table_lock */
/* Function pointers to deal with this struct. */
const struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;
/* Information about our backing store: */
unsigned long vm_pgoff; /* Offset (within vm_file) in PAGE_SIZE
units */
struct file * vm_file; /* File we map to (can be NULL). */ //指向文件的一个打开实例
void * vm_private_data; /* was vm_pte (shared mem) */
atomic_long_t swap_readahead_info;
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
struct vm_region *vm_region; /* NOMMU mapping region */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct mempolicy *vm_policy; /* NUMA policy for the VMA */
#endif
struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx;
} __randomize_layout;
关系图来了：
是不是有点眼熟？这个跟内核中的vmap机制很类似。
宏观的看一下进程地址空间中的各个VMA：
针对VMA的操作，有如下接口：
/* VMA的查找 */
/* Look up the first VMA which satisfies addr < vm_end, NULL if none. */
extern struct vm_area_struct * find_vma(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long addr); //查找第一个满足addr < vm_end的VMA块
extern struct vm_area_struct * find_vma_prev(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long addr,
struct vm_area_struct **pprev); //与find_vma功能类似，不同之处在于还会返回VMA链接的前一个VMA；
static inline struct vm_area_struct * find_vma_intersection(struct mm_struct * mm, unsigned long start_addr, unsigned long end_addr); //查找与start_addr~end_addr区域有交集的VMA
/* VMA的插入 */
extern int insert_vm_struct(struct mm_struct *, struct vm_area_struct *); //插入VMA到红黑树中和链表中
/* VMA的合并 */
extern struct vm_area_struct *vma_merge(struct mm_struct *,
struct vm_area_struct *prev, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
unsigned long vm_flags, struct anon_vma *, struct file *, pgoff_t,
struct mempolicy *, struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx); //将VMA与附近的VMA进行融合操作
/* VMA的拆分 */
extern int split_vma(struct mm_struct *, struct vm_area_struct *,
unsigned long addr, int new_below); //将VMA以addr为界线分成两个VMA
上述的操作基本上也就是针对红黑树的操作。
3. malloc
malloc大家都很熟悉，那么它是怎么与底层去交互并申请到内存的呢？
图来了：
如图所示，malloc最终会调到底层的sys_brk函数和sys_mmap函数，在分配小内存时调用sys_brk函数，动态的调整进程地址空间中的brk位置；在分配大块内存时，调用sys_mmap函数，在堆和栈之间找到一片区域进行映射处理。
先来看sys_brk函数，通过SYSCALL_DEFINE1来定义，整体的函数调用流程如下：
从函数的调用过程中可以看出有不少操作是针对vma的，那么结合起来的效果图如下：
整个过程看起来就比较清晰和简单了，每个进程都用struct mm_struct来描述自身的进程地址空间，这些空间都是一些vma区域，通过一个红黑树和链表来管理。因此针对malloc的处理，会去动态的调整brk的位置，具体的大小则由struct vm_area_struct结构中的vm_start ~ vm_end来指定。在实际过程中，会根据请求分配区域是否与现有vma重叠的情况来进行处理，或者重新申请一个vma来描述这段区域，并最终插入到红黑树和链表中。
完成这段申请后，只是开辟了一段区域，通常还不会立马分配物理内存，物理内存的分配会发生在访问时出现缺页异常后再处理，这个后续也会有文章来进一步分析。
4. mmap
mmap用于内存映射，也就是将一段区域映射到自己的进程地址空间中，分为两种：
- 文件映射： 将文件区域映射到进程空间，文件存放在存储设备上；
- 匿名映射：没有文件对应的区域映射，内容存放在物理内存上；
同时，针对其他进程是否可见，又分为两种：
- 私有映射：将数据源拷贝副本，不影响其他进程；
- 共享映射：共享的进程都能看到；
根据排列组合，就存在以下几种情况了：
- 私有匿名映射： 通常分配大块内存时使用，堆，栈，bss段等；
- 共享匿名映射：常用于父子进程间通信，在内存文件系统中创建
/dev/zero设备； - 私有文件映射：常用的比如动态库加载，代码段，数据段等；
- 共享文件映射：常用于进程间通信，文件读写等；
常见的prot权限和flags如下：
#define PROT_READ 0x1 /* page can be read */
#define PROT_WRITE 0x2 /* page can be written */
#define PROT_EXEC 0x4 /* page can be executed */
#define PROT_SEM 0x8 /* page may be used for atomic ops */
#define PROT_NONE 0x0 /* page can not be accessed */
#define PROT_GROWSDOWN 0x01000000 /* mprotect flag: extend change to start of growsdown vma */
#define PROT_GROWSUP 0x02000000 /* mprotect flag: extend change to end of growsup vma */
#define MAP_SHARED 0x01 /* Share changes */
#define MAP_PRIVATE 0x02 /* Changes are private */
#define MAP_TYPE 0x0f /* Mask for type of mapping */
#define MAP_FIXED 0x10 /* Interpret addr exactly */
#define MAP_ANONYMOUS 0x20 /* don't use a file */
#define MAP_GROWSDOWN 0x0100 /* stack-like segment */
#define MAP_DENYWRITE 0x0800 /* ETXTBSY */
#define MAP_EXECUTABLE 0x1000 /* mark it as an executable */
#define MAP_LOCKED 0x2000 /* pages are locked */
#define MAP_NORESERVE 0x4000 /* don't check for reservations */
#define MAP_POPULATE 0x8000 /* populate (prefault) pagetables */
#define MAP_NONBLOCK 0x10000 /* do not block on IO */
#define MAP_STACK 0x20000 /* give out an address that is best suited for process/thread stacks */
#define MAP_HUGETLB 0x40000 /* create a huge page mapping */
mmap的操作，最终会调用到do_mmap函数，最后来一张调用图：
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