2024-04-04  阅读(3)
原文作者:Brand 原文地址: https://www.cnblogs.com/wzh2010/p/13909671.html

概述

上一章 查询的过滤条件,我们了解了MySQL可以通过 like % 通配符来进行模糊匹配。同样的,它也支持其他正则表达式的匹配,我们在MySQL中使用 REGEXP 操作符来进行正则表达式匹配。用法和like相

似,但又强大很多,能够实现一些很特殊的、复杂的规则匹配。正则表达式使用REGEXP命令进行匹配时,如果符合返回1,不符合返回0。如果 默认不加任何匹配规则REGEXP相当于like '%%'。在前面加上NOT(NOT REGEXP)相当于NOT LIKE。

匹配模式分析

下面有个表格 ,罗列了可应用于 REGEXP 操作符中正则匹配模式,描述相对比较详细了,后面我们一个一个来测试。

 匹配模式   描述 
 匹配模式   描述 
^ 匹配输入字符串的开始位置。如果设置了 REGEXP 对象的Multiline属性,^也匹配'\n'或'\r'之后的位置。
$ 匹配输入字符串的结束位置。如果设置了REGEXP 对象的Multiline属性,$也匹配'\n'或'\r'之前的位置。
. 匹配除"\n"之外的任何单个字符。要匹配包括'\n'在内的任何字符,请使用'[.\n]'的模式。
[….] 字符集合。匹配所包含的任意一个字符。例如,'[abc]'可以匹配"plain"中的'a'。
[^...] 非匹配字符集合。匹配未包含的任意字符。例如,'[^abc]'可以匹配"plain"中的'p'。
[n-m] 匹配m到n之间的任意单个字符,例如[0-9],[a-z],[A-Z]
* 匹配前面的子表达式零次或多次。例如,a*能匹配"a"以及"ab"。*等价于{0,}。
+ 匹配前面的子表达式一次或多次。例如,'a+'能匹配"ab"以及"abc",但不能匹配"a"。+等价于{1,}。
? 匹配前面的子表达式一次或多次。例如,'a?'能匹配"ab"以及"a"。?等价于{0,1}。
a1 a2
{n} n是一个非负整数。匹配确定的n次。例如,'o{2}'不能匹配"Bob"中的'o',但是能匹配"food"中的两个o。
{n,} 匹配前面的子表达式n次到多次。例如,'o{2,}'不仅能匹配"food",也能匹配"foood"。
{n,m} n和m均为非负整数,其中n<=m。最少匹配n次且最多匹配m次。
{,m} 匹配前面的子表达式0次到m次
(….) 元素组合,即将模式元素组成单一元素,例如(do)*意思是匹配0个多或多个do

匹配模式 ^

从字符串首部分进行匹配,这边匹配s开头的,匹配符合返回1,不符合返回0。应用到表中,既符合返回匹配到的数据。

     1 mysql> select 'selina' REGEXP '^s';
     2 +----------------------+
     3 | 'selina' REGEXP '^s' |
     4 +----------------------+
     5 |                    1 |
     6 +----------------------+
     7 1 row in set
     8 
     9 mysql> select 'aelina' REGEXP '^s';
    10 +----------------------+
    11 | 'aelina' REGEXP '^s' |
    12 +----------------------+
    13 |                    0 |
    14 +----------------------+
    15 1 row in set
     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '^s';
    14 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    15 | id | name   | age | address | sex |
    16 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    17 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen  |   0 |
    18 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL    |   0 |
    19 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    20 2 rows in set

匹配模式$

从字符串尾部进行匹配,这边匹配名称以d结尾的数据。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'd$';
    14 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    15 | id | name  | age | address | sex |
    16 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    17 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |   1 |
    18 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    19 1 row in set 

匹配模式.

. 是匹配任意单个字符,下面脚本匹配 n并且后面带一个任意字符的条件

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'n.';
    14 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    15 | id | name   | age | address | sex |
    16 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    17 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou  |   1 |
    18 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou |   1 |
    19 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL    |   0 |
    20 +----+--------+-----+---------+-----+
    21 3 rows in set

匹配模式[...]

指匹配括号内的任意单个字符,只要有一个字符符合条件即可。下面例子能匹配到b、w、z的 只有brand、weng 两个名称。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP [bwz];
    14 1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '[bwz]' at line 1
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '[bwz]';
    16 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    17 | id | name  | age | address | sex |
    18 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    19 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou  |   1 |
    20 |  4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou |   1 |
    21 +----+-------+-----+---------+-----+
    22 2 rows in set 

匹配模式[^...]

[^...]取反的意思,指匹配未包含的任意字符。例如, '[^brand]' 可以匹配 "helen" 中的'h',"sol" 的 "s","weng" 的 "w","selina" 的 "s",但无法匹配"brand",所以被过滤了。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '[^brand]';
    14 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    15 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
    16 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    18 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
    19 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
    20 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    21 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    22 4 rows in set

匹配模式 [n-m]

匹配m到n之间的任意单个字符,例如[0-9],[a-z],[A-Z],下方代码中,任何元素不在a - e之间的"sol" 被过滤了。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '[a-e]';
    14 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    15 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
    16 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
    18 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    19 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
    20 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    21 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    22 4 rows in set

匹配模式 *

匹配前面的子表达式零次或多次。例如,a* 能匹配 "a" 以及 "ab"。* 等价于{0,}。 下面的 "e*g" 可以匹配的只有 "weng" 这个名称。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    11 5 rows in set
    12 
    13 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'e*g';
    14 +----+------+-----+---------+-----+
    15 | id | name | age | address | sex |
    16 +----+------+-----+---------+-----+
    17 |  4 | weng |  33 | guizhou |   1 |
    18 +----+------+-----+---------+-----+
    19 1 row in set 

匹配模式 +

匹配前面的子表达式一次或多次。例如,'a+' 能匹配 "ab" 以及 "abc",但不能匹配 "a"。+ 等价于 {1,}。如下方的脚本,符合条件的是1到多个的n加上一个d的组合,只有 "brand" 和 "annd" 符合。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    11 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    12 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    13 7 rows in set
    14 
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'n+d';
    16 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
    18 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    19 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
    20 |  7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    21 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    22 2 rows in set

匹配模式 ?

匹配前面的子表达式一次或多次。例如,'a?' 能匹配 "ab" 以及 "a"。? 等价于 {0,1}。e为1个或者0个,后面再用 l 限制,所以符合的只有三个。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    11 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    12 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    13 7 rows in set
    14 
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'e?l';
    16 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
    18 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    19 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    20 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
    21 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    22 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    23 3 rows in set 

匹配模式 a1| a2|a3

匹配 a1 或 a2 或 a3。例如下方,'nn|en' 能分别匹配到 "anny" 、"annd" 和 "helen"、"weng"。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    11 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    12 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    13 7 rows in set
    14 
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'nn|en';
    16 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
    18 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    19 |  2 | helen |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    20 |  4 | weng  |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
    21 |  6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    22 |  7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    23 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    24 4 rows in set

匹配模式 {n} {n,} {n,m} {,m}

n 和 m 均为非负整数,其中n <= m。最少匹配 n 次且最多匹配 m 次。m为空代表>=n的任意数,n为空代表0。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    11 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    12 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    13 7 rows in set
    14 
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'n{2}';
    16 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 | id | name | age | address  | sex |
    18 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    19 |  6 | anny |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    20 |  7 | annd |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    21 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    22 2 rows in set
    23 
    24 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'n{1,2}';
    25 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    26 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
    27 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    28 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
    29 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    30 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
    31 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    32 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    33 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    34 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    35 6 rows in set
    36 
    37 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP 'l{1,}';
    38 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    39 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
    40 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    41 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
    42 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
    43 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    44 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    45 3 rows in set

匹配模式(...)

假设括号内容为abc,则是将abc作为一个整体去匹配,符合这个规则的数据被过滤出来。下面以an为例子,配合上面学过的知识。

     1 mysql> select * from user2;
     2 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     3 | id | name   | age | address  | sex |
     4 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
     5 |  1 | brand  |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
     6 |  2 | helen  |  20 | quanzhou |   0 |
     7 |  3 | sol    |  21 | xiamen   |   0 |
     8 |  4 | weng   |  33 | guizhou  |   1 |
     9 |  5 | selina |  25 | NULL     |   0 |
    10 |  6 | anny   |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    11 |  7 | annd   |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    12 +----+--------+-----+----------+-----+
    13 7 rows in set
    14 
    15 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '(an)+';
    16 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    17 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
    18 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    19 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
    20 |  6 | anny  |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    21 |  7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    22 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    23 3 rows in set
    24 
    25 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '(ann)+';
    26 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    27 | id | name | age | address  | sex |
    28 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    29 |  6 | anny |  23 | shanghai |   0 |
    30 |  7 | annd |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    31 +----+------+-----+----------+-----+
    32 2 rows in set
    33 
    34 mysql> select * from user2 where name REGEXP '(an).*d{1,2}';
    35 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    36 | id | name  | age | address  | sex |
    37 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    38 |  1 | brand |  21 | fuzhou   |   1 |
    39 |  7 | annd  |  24 | shanghai |   1 |
    40 +----+-------+-----+----------+-----+
    41 2 rows in set

匹配特殊字符 \\

正则表达式语言由具有特定含义的特殊字符构成。我们已经看到.、 []、|、*、+等, 那我们是怎么匹配这些字符的。如下示例,我们使用 \\ 来匹配特殊字符,\\为前导, \\-表示查找-, \\.表示查找.。

     1 mysql> select * from user3;
     2 +----+------+-------+
     3 | id | age  | name  |
     4 +----+------+-------+
     5 |  1 |   20 | brand |
     6 |  2 |   22 | sol   |
     7 |  3 |   20 | helen |
     8 |  4 | 19.5 | diny  |
     9 +----+------+-------+
    10 4 rows in set
    11 
    12 mysql> select * from user3 where age REGEXP '[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+';
    13 +----+------+------+
    14 | id | age  | name |
    15 +----+------+------+
    16 |  4 | 19.5 | diny |
    17 +----+------+------+
    18 1 row in set 

总结

1.当我们需要用正则匹配数据的时候,可以使用REGEXP和NOT REGEXP操作符(类似LIKE和NOT LIKE);

2.REGEXP默认不区分大小写,可以使用BINARY关键词强制区分大小写; WHERE NAME REGEXP BINARY ‘^[A-Z]’;

3.REGEXP默认是部分匹配原则,即有一个匹配上则返回真。例如:SELECT 'A123' REGEXP BINARY '[A-Z]',返回的是1;

4、如果使用 () 进行匹配,则是将括号内部的内容当作整体去匹配,比如 (ABC),则需要匹配整个ABC。

5、这边只是看介绍了正则的基础知识,想要更为透彻的了解可以参考 正则教程 ,我觉得写的不错。


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  • 不止面试:内容包含面试题解析、内容详解、知识扩展,它不仅仅只是一份面试题,更是一套完整的 Java 知识体系。
  • 宝典详情:https://www.yuque.com/chenssy/sike-java/xvlo920axlp7sf4k
  • 宝典总览:https://www.yuque.com/chenssy/sike-java/yogsehzntzgp4ly1
  • 宝典进展:https://www.yuque.com/chenssy/sike-java/en9ned7loo47z5aw

目前 Java 面试宝典累计更新 400+ 道,总字数 42w+。大明哥还在持续更新中,下图是大明哥在 2024-12 月份的更新情况:

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同时,大明哥也整理一套目前市面最常见的热点面试题。微信搜[大明哥聊 Java]或扫描下方二维码关注大明哥的原创公众号[大明哥聊 Java] ,回复【面试题】 即可免费领取。

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